One man has been freed. Ai Weiwei, China\u2019s most famous living artist, has been released from jail. He had been held incommunicado, in a secret prison, for more than two months. His offence, according to the Beijing police department, was tax evasion. But the whole world knew that the prominent dissident had really been arrested for having the temerity to make public criticisms of China\u2019s oppressive record on human rights \u2013 and urging the regime in Beijing to reform its political system.<\/p>\n
Ai Weiwei is a brave man. But he is one of the lucky ones. He is an artist of international renown and his detention prompted a worldwide campaign for his release. Protest exhibitions, winning widescale media coverage, have been held in top art galleries across the globe, such as the one in London\u2019s Tate Modern where last October the artist unveiled a carpet of 100 million porcelain sunflower seeds which he said questioned the role of an individual in society.<\/p>\n
But what of the others?<\/p>\n
China is thought to have the highest number of political prisoners of any country in the world. Human rights activists counted 742 arrests in 2007 alone. More recent estimates have put the number between 2,000 to 3,000. \u00a0There is no way of knowing the total behind bars for \u201cendangering state security\u201d \u2013 the charge which in 1997 replaced \u201ccounter-revolution\u201d in the Communist criminal code.<\/p>\n
The world knows the names of only two or three per cent of those the repressive state has arrested, according to the Dui Hua Foundation, a body based on the West coast of the United States, which is dedicated to well-informed dialogue between the democratic world and China, and is not known for producing sensationalist figures. Though Beijing\u2019s crackdown on political dissent is well-publicised the arrest of dissidents take place out of the public view.<\/p>\n
In China, serious human rights violations are commonplace. At their most extreme they include torture and execution, with China still holding the dubious honour, just ahead of the United States, for the numbers of people subjected to capital punishment. But there is much more at a lower level, with a steady flow of arrests and excessive use of force in public order policing as part of the repression of dissent.<\/p>\n
Mr Ai, 54, was released, the police department said, because he had \u201cagreed to repay the taxes\u201d and because of \u201chis good attitude in confessing his crimes\u201d. If a globally-prominent figure can be cowed into that \u2013 supposing it is true \u2013 it chills the blood to wonder at the fate of the thousands of others in China\u2019s prisons.<\/p>\n
The artist, most famous for helping design the Bird\u2019s Nest stadium that became the centre-piece for Beijing\u2019s 2008 Olympics, was yesterday back home and in good health. \u201cI am already home, released on bail, I can\u2019t talk to media but I am well, thanks for all the media attention,\u201d he said, in a phone interview with the BBC.<\/p>\n
Mr Ai\u2019s arrest came amid one of China\u2019s biggest clampdowns on activists in years. It was condemned by Western governments on the grounds that China was breaking its own laws by holding the artist in secret and without access to a lawyer. The whereabouts of his relatives, accountant and driver, who were detained at the same time as the artist, remain unknown.<\/p>\n
So it is with thousands of others. As China\u2019s economy has burgeoned in recent years \u2013 and with it the civil society which grows up around emerging entrepreneurial middle classes \u2013 the Beijing government has grown more confident in cracking down on dissent. Political freedoms have been matched by some loosening of social constraints but by little in the way of lifting the regime\u2019s tight political restrictions. Anyone advocating democratic reform, defending human rights, speaking up for suppressed ethnic minorities, holding religious beliefs not sanctioned by the state or even peacefully expressing their views has been the subject of a more confident and more aggressive repression.<\/p>\n
Six years ago, in an interview with the BBC, Ai Weiwei said that China was opening up and giving its citizens more freedoms. \u201cCertain areas, certain taboos can\u2019t be touched. There\u2019s still censorship there. You really have to be very alert about where is the fine line, the border,\u201d he said. \u201cYou don\u2019t know exactly where it is, you have to be intelligent.\u201d<\/p>\n
Either Ai Weiwei\u2019s judgement proved faulty or that line has shifted in the six years since he said that.<\/p>\n
The 2011 Amnesty International report on the country put it this way: \u201cChina maintained a relatively high level of economic growth compared to other major economies, despite the continuing global recession. However, it faced intensifying domestic discontent and protests stemming from growing economic and social inequalities, pervasive corruption within the judicial system, police abuses, suppression of religious freedoms and other human rights, and continuing unrest and repression in the Tibetan and Uighur regions of the country. Despite a rise in average incomes, millions had no access to health care, internal migrants continued to be treated as second-class citizens, and many children were unable to pay school fees.\u201d<\/p>\n
In the face of this Beijing has clampdown on most kinds of dissent. But the rule of law is highly partial. \u201cAccess to justice remained elusive for those considered a political threat to the regime or to the interests of local officials,\u201d Amnesty continued, reviewing the previous year.\u00a0 \u201cPolitical influence over and corruption within the judiciary remained endemic.\u201d<\/p>\n
The growing intransigence of the Chinese political class has been noticeable abroad too. That was clear from the way Beijing threatened economic and political retaliation against countries that criticized its human rights record. The regime reacted angrily to the news that the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to long-time Chinese political activist Liu Xiaobo. It pressured foreign diplomats to boycott the ceremony in Oslo in December and indefinitely postponed bilateral trade talks with Norway.<\/p>\n
As a result, says the 2011 Amnesty report, \u201cmany countries appeared reluctant to publicly challenge China on its lack of progress on human rights, and bilateral channels, such as human rights dialogues, proved largely ineffective.\u201d<\/p>\n
Leaders like Barack Obama and David Cameron have paid lip-service to the issue, raising human rights in private talks with the Chinese leadership. But few think they have had much impact.\u00a0 Indeed Beijing politicians riposted by raising the UK\u2019s prison over-crowding, Britain\u2019s age of criminal responsibility, and its handling of \u201cethnic tensions\u201d in the North of England.<\/p>\n
Ai Weiwei\u2019s international high-profile may have made him just too hot to handle for China\u2019s jails. But that did not save the Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo from persecution. For the thousands of others languishing in China\u2019s prisons hope must be even less slight.<\/p>\n
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