Does cowardice seems so despicable because we worry we’d do the same?

The world has rushed with glee to shower its scorn on Francesco Schettino, the man who ran aground the cruise liner Costa Concordia with the loss of at least 11 lives. His reckless behaviour looks set to see him charged with multiple manslaughter, abandoning a ship and causing a shipwreck. But what are we to make of the intensity of the vilification of the mariner who has been variously called Captain Coward, the craven captain, the most hated man in Italy and someone whose name will become a byword for dereliction of duty?

The judge handling the case has labelled his actions “inept, negligent and imprudent”.

Political pundits have seized upon him as a metaphor for Italy’s self-inflicted economic woes. And the words screamed at him by the chief coastguard after Schettino left the liner before it had been fully evacuated of passengers – “Vada a bordo, cazzo!” (Get back on board, you prick) – have been emblazoned on T-shirts, made into a dance-disco remix and are being sold as a phone ringtone.

And that concludes the case for the prosecution. But is there one for the defence?

Is human weakness is a crime, one commentators tentatively asked. It’s a line drawn from evolutionary psychology. What’s wrong with cowardice, the argument goes. Isn’t it just a pejorative way of describing the human survival instinct? When it comes down to it, aren’t we all hard-wired to save ourselves? If our ancestors hadn’t run away and avoided getting killed we wouldn’t be here in the first place, as Darwin might have said.

So why should we stigmatise a human quality that can’t be overcome? Is there any more culpability in cowardice than there is credit in courage, a quality seemingly given to some individuals more than others? Isn’t cowardice, as Ernest Hemingway put it, “simply a lack of ability to suspend functioning of the imagination”. Discretion, as Shakespeare said, is the better part of valour.

Except, of course, that wasn’t Shakespeare qua Shakespeare. He put the words in the mouth of that fat foolish fraud Falstaff. The truth is that, if you want to follow Darwinian logic, we don’t survive as individuals; we survive as a species. And, as Shakespeare also shows, altruism too is wired into us, and in a more profoundly mysterious way. Greater love hath no man, and all that.

But there is an unpleasant side to that social dimension. That was clear from the White Feather movement during World War I when a group of bumptious busybody women, at the behest of a British admiral, took to handing out feathers as symbols of cowardice to any man they spotted on the street not wearing a military uniform.

Some of the victims dismissed it with humour. The conscientious objector Fenner Brockway claimed that he’d been given so many white feathers he had enough to make a fan. But others were brow-beaten into enlisting when they were not fit or had other responsibilities. The government became so alarmed at the pressure being put on public servants that it issued them with ‘King and Country’ lapel badges to show they were already serving in the war effort.

The mob mentality in such bullying appears at work in the Schettino case. Armchair accusers are eager to point the finger in a situation in which they can never have been tested. Perhaps their disdain disguises a deeper anxiety that they might have been found wanting had they in such a circumstance. There but for the grace of God… though God, in his own way, has been rather big on such scapegoating. The Book of Revelation puts cowards alongside murderers, sorcerers, idolaters, adulterers and liars as most detestable.

Yet the real opposite of courage in our society is not cowardice but conformity. The Costa Concordia case plays to a whole range of handy stereotypes. Schettino was a flash Italian who “handles his ships as if he is driving a Ferrari”. When danger beckoned he ran away – all those wartime jokes about Italian tanks having one forward gear and five reverse for rapid retreating reverberate in Italy too: Francesco Merlo, in La Repubblica, said the other day: “the notion of running away is part of our history, and nails the Italian character”. Rather than ‘women and children first’ for Schettino, one wag said, it was more a case of “Ciao, baby.”

Yet all these things are culturally specific. ‘Women and children first’ is, historically, a recent invention. It goes back only to 1852 when the British troopship HMS Birkenhead caught fire and sank off the coast of South Africa. The 480 men on board were ordered to stand back while the wives and children climbed into the lifeboat. A Rudyard Kipling poem immortalised the ideal as the “Birkenhead drill”. But the phrase is now most associated with the Titanic.

That sinking continues to resonate loudly in the British psyche especially in this centenary year of the 1912 disaster. As the 46,000-ton ‘unsinkable’ liner slipped beneath the icy waves, three-quarters of the women on board were saved as were half of the children, but only a bare fifth of all the men. It was the high point of a particular Victorian idealisation of British manhood which lauded classic masculine qualities of physical strength, courage and stoicism. They were virtues of Victorian chivalry on which an empire had been built, an empire which was slipping away along with the immense wealth, opulence and privilege which the Titanic emblematised and which was to be blown apart for ever by the Great War.

But while it lasted it was a powerful ideal, replacing older historical notions that men came first, and those who violated it paid the price. The man responsible for building the Titanic, J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star Line, never lived down the shame of having climbed into a lifeboat while women and children were still on board. To make matters worse it was he who had taken the decision to veto the extra 48 lifeboats which had been planned and which would have saved nearly all the 1,500 people who died.

Ismay’s hair apparently turned white overnight. He spent four days aboard a rescue ship drugged with opiates. Later his wife forbade mention of the word Titanic in his presence. He became a virtual recluse, hiring a whole compartment to travel on trains, demonstrating what would now be called post-traumatic shock disorder.

But none of that saved him from a savaging by the American and the British press who renamed him  “J. Brute Ismay”  and labelled him one of the biggest cowards in history. He was ostracised in London society .“Mr Ismay cares for nobody but himself,” declared one paper. “He passes through the most stupendous tragedy untouched and unmoved. He leaves his ship to sink with its powerless cargo of lives and does not care to lift his eyes. He crawls through unspeakable disgrace to his own safety.”

In this post-feminist era the idea of giving precedence to women and children reveals an outdated notion of a weaker sex with children as the responsibility of women. Modern practice is for a ship’s passengers to be assigned lifeboats according to their cabin numbers. On the Costa Concordia it was said that fathers refused to be parted from their families, on the grounds that a man’s duty was to protect his own. The nuclear family is the new sacred norm.

In the end courage is, like so many other virtues, something which can be taught. Aristotle understood that. Doing the right thing when confronted with a big problem  grows out of the habits cultivated when dealing with little problems, he says in the Nicomachean Ethics. Being moral is thus a very practical business. The army knows this. Its training is centred on building camaraderie of such intensity that men will risk their lives for one another. By contrast a civvy society, based on maximising consumer choice and personal preference, inculcates a worldview which is self-focused and self-absorbed.

Selfishness is the father of cowardice. Captain Schettino’s tale of how he came to be in the lifeboat before his passengers is revealing. He was helping people, he said, when the ship suddenly listed and he tripped and fell into a lifeboat which coincidentally already held two of his top officers, including his second-in-command. It is a story that could only be told by someone who lacked the courage to face his own failings. “The coward is a despairing sort of person,” said Aristotle, “for he fears everything”.

Anyone can panic. The test is whether, when we have recollected our senses, we then go on to do the right thing. Francesco Schettino was told by the chief coastguard to get back on board his vessel. There were plenty of rescuers ashore. But a captain’s knowledge of his ship is crucial in an emergency. Instead of obeying the order, Schettino rang for a taxi and abandoned the scene, leaving passengers to fend for themselves. Coward, on this occasion, does not seem the wrong word.

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